Power supply noise rejection in PLL or DLL circuits

ABSTRACT

A phase controller can be part of a phase-locked loop (PLL) or a delay-locked loop (DLL). The phase controller includes first and second regulators. The first regulator provides power supply noise rejection while the second regulator provides phase and frequency lock.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.11/520,972, filed on Sep. 14, 2006, entitled “Power Supply NoiseRejection In PLL Or DLL Circuits,” the disclosure of which isincorporated herein by reference.

This application is directed to a phase-locked loop (PLL) ordelay-locked loop (DLL) with high power supply noise rejection and lowpower operation.

A phase-locked loop (PLL) is a closed-loop feedback control system thatgenerates an output signal and maintains that signal in a fixed phaserelationship with a reference signal. A conventional PLL includes aphase detector, a loop filter and a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO).The VCO generates a periodic output signal having a frequency that isdependent on a control signal. The VCO may initially be brought to thesame frequency as the reference signal by means of a separate frequencydetector or by means of a combined phase/frequency detector. Afterfrequency lock has been obtained, the phase detector detects phasedifferences between the output signal and the reference signal andmodifies the VCO control signal so as to adjust the output signal to bein a predetermined phase relationship with the reference signal.

A delay-locked loop (DLL) is similar to a PLL, with the VCO beingreplaced with a voltage-controlled delay line (VCDL). The VCDL receivesan input signal and generates an output signal as a time-delayed versionof the input signal, the delay of the output signal with respect to theinput signal being a function of a control signal.

The VCO or VCDL is coupled to a power supply that supplies its operatingcurrent. However, power supply noise, that is, variations in the powersupply voltage, may vary the phase of the output signal relative to thereference signal, introducing jitter into the output signal. Thus, it isdesirable for the PLL or DLL to reject power supply noise.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a block diagram of a phase-locked loop (PLL) according to anembodiment of the application.

FIG. 1B is a block diagram of a delay-locked loop (DLL) according to anembodiment of the application.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a PLL having a controllable signal sourceaccording to an embodiment of the application.

FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram of the controllable signal source of FIG. 2according to an embodiment of the application.

FIG. 3A is a block diagram of a first regulator in the controllablesignal source of FIG. 3 according to another embodiment of theapplication.

FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram of the controllable signal source of FIG. 2according to another embodiment of the application.

FIG. 5 is a circuit diagram of the controllable signal source of FIG. 2according to yet another embodiment of the application.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a DLL having a phase controller accordingto an embodiment of the application.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a PLL or DLL having a first regulatoraccording to another embodiment of the application.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present application teaches a PLL or a DLL with an improvedstructure that rejects power supply noise without degrading otheraspects of PLL or DLL functions.

A phase control circuit according to one embodiment of the presentapplication includes first and second regulators. The first regulatorprovides power supply noise rejection while the second regulatorprovides phase and frequency lock.

In a further embodiment, the phase control circuit includes first andsecond power supply terminals, and first and second circuit nodes. Asignal generator is coupled between the second circuit node and thesecond power supply terminal, the signal generator to produce a periodicoutput signal having a signal parameter dependent on a phase adjustvoltage at the second circuit node. The signal parameter can be thefrequency of the output signal, the phase of the output signal, or thedelay of the output signal with respect to an input signal. The firstregulator is coupled between the first power supply terminal and thefirst circuit node, the first regulator to filter noise in a powersupply voltage between the first and second power supply terminals awayfrom the signal generator. The second regulator is coupled between thefirst and second circuit nodes, the second regulator to adjust the phaseadjust voltage in response to a control signal, the control signal beingdependent on a phase difference between the output signal and areference signal.

In one embodiment, the first regulator is to change the impedance of acircuit path between the first power supply terminal and the firstcircuit node in response to a change in the power supply voltage. Thefirst regulator may control the impedance based on a comparison of thecontrol signal with a target signal. The first regulator may thus holdan average of the control signal close to a target value. The firstregulator may alternatively control the impedance based on a comparisonof a regulated supply voltage at the first circuit node with a targetvoltage. In one embodiment, a bandwidth or operation speed of the firstregulator is about two orders of magnitude below that of the phasecontrol circuit.

In another embodiment, a phase control circuit includes a signalgenerator to generate an output signal having a phase, a first regulatorto generate a phase adjust signal in response to a control signal, and asecond regulator to hold an average of the control signal close to atarget value. The control signal is dependent on a phase differencebetween the output signal and a reference signal, and the phase adjustsignal controls the phase of the output signal.

In yet another embodiment, a phase control circuit includes first andsecond regulators, and a signal generator. The signal generatorgenerates an output signal having a signal parameter depending on atleast one of a current and a voltage across the signal generator. Thesignal parameter can be the frequency of the output signal, the phase ofthe output signal, or the delay of the output signal with respect to aninput signal. The first regulator has a first terminal for coupling to apower supply, a second terminal to receive a first control signal, athird terminal to receive a target signal, and a regulated supplyterminal to provide a regulated power supply based at least in part oncomparison of the first control signal with the target signal. Thesecond regulator is coupled to the regulated supply terminal, is toreceive a second control signal, and is to output an adjust signal basedat least in part on the second control signal. The adjust signal adjustsat least one of the current and the voltage across the signal generator.

In a further embodiment, the first regulator includes a low pass filterto filter out power supply noise including variations in a voltagebetween the first and second power supply terminals. The low pass filtermay include a transistor coupled between the first power supply terminaland the regulated supply terminal and a capacitor coupled across theregulated supply terminal and the second power supply terminal.

The first control signal may be the same as the second control signal.Alternatively, the first control signal is the same as the regulatedpower supply.

In one embodiment, the second regulator includes a transistor coupled tothe signal generator in a shunt configuration and a resistor coupled tothe signal generator in a series configuration. The second regulator mayalternatively or additionally include a transistor coupled in seriesbetween the regulated supply terminal and the signal generator. Thus,the second regulator may include a combination of shunt and serieselements.

The signal generator may be selected from the group consisting of avoltage controlled oscillator and a voltage controlled delay line.

A method of phase control according to one embodiment of the presentapplication includes the steps of: generating an output signal having aphase; receiving a control signal based at least in part on a phasedifference between the output signal and a reference signal; generatinga regulated power supply based at least in part on comparison betweenthe control signal and a target signal; generating an adjust signalaccording to the control signal and the regulated power supply; andadjusting the phase of the output signal in accordance with the adjustsignal.

A method of phase control according to a further embodiment of thepresent application includes the steps of: generating a phase adjustsignal in response to a control signal; producing an output signalhaving a phase dependent on the phase adjust signal; generating thecontrol signal based at least in part on a phase difference between theoutput signal and a reference signal; and holding an average of thecontrol signal close to a target value to filter out noise in a powersupply voltage. In one embodiment, the holding step may includecontrolling an impedance based on a comparison of the control signalwith the target value.

The present application also includes an information-bearing mediumhaving computer-readable information thereon, the computer-readableinformation being configured to actuate a circuit-forming apparatus toform a cell of an integrated circuit including a phase control circuitas described above and further below.

Referring to FIG. 1A, shown is a block diagram of a PLL 10. The PLL 10is a closed-loop feedback control system that generates an output signalOUT-SIGNAL and maintains the phase of that signal in a fixedrelationship to the phase of a reference signal REF-SIGNAL. Thereference signal can be a data signal or a periodic clock signal havinga phase and frequency. The PLL 10 includes a phase detector 12, a loopfilter 14 and a controllable signal source 16 placed in a negativefeedback configuration. Phase detector 12 receives REF-SIGNAL on a firstinput and OUT-SIGNAL on a second input. Optionally a divider (not shown)may be included in the feedback path between OUT-SIGNAL and the secondinput of phase detector 12. This divider may be a simpledivide-by-integer divider or a fractional-N divider, composed in any oneof many ways known to those skilled in the art. If a divider isincluded, the frequency of OUT-SIGNAL may be a multiple (K/N) of thefrequency of REF-SIGNAL, where K and N are both integers, and K and/or Nmay be variable digital inputs to the divider. In one embodiment, thecontrollable signal source 16 includes a phase controller 18 and asignal generator 24 that outputs the OUT-SIGNAL. The signal generator 24may include two power supply terminals, the voltage or current betweenthe two power supply terminals controlling the phase of the OUT-SIGNAL.In PLL 10, the signal generator can be a voltage controlled oscillator(VCO). The VCO 24 may be implemented in various ways. In someimplementations, the VCO 24 may have a first power supply terminal 24 aand a second power supply terminal 24 b and a frequency control input.In one embodiment, the first power supply terminal 24 a also serves asthe frequency control input. The VCO 24 may be implemented in variousways. By way of example, the voltage controlled oscillator 24 may be aring oscillator, or an oscillator constructed from integrated on-chipinductors or inductors integrated into a chip package, such as bondwires or printed circuit conductors. Referring to FIG. 1A, the firstpower supply terminal 24 a of the VCO 24, which also serves as thefrequency control input, is coupled to receive a signal VADJUST from thephase controller 18, which is coupled to a positive common supply VDD,and the second power supply terminal is coupled to a negative commonsupply GND. Note that these connections are for illustrative purposesonly; in other implementations, the common supply terminal GND might bethe more positive supply voltage than VDD.

Still referring to FIG. 1A, the controllable signal source 16 generatesthe output signal OUT-SIGNAL which is controlled to have a fixed phaserelationship with the reference or input signal REF-SIGNAL. PLL 10operates initially to acquire frequency lock, so as to bring outputsignal OUT-SIGNAL to substantially the same frequency as inputREF-SIGNAL, either by using a separate frequency detector (not shown) orby using a combined phase/frequency detector for phase detector 12. Oncefrequency lock is acquired, if there is a difference in phase betweenoutput signal OUT-SIGNAL and the reference signal REF-SIGNAL, the phasedetector 12 detects this difference and introduces via loop filter 14 achange in a control signal VCTL, which change is proportional to thedifference in phase. Phase controller 18 responds to changes in thecontrol signal VCTL by producing proportional changes in the VADJUSTsignal, which is sent to the frequency control input 24 a of VCO 24 toadjust the frequency of the OUT-SIGNAL. The phase of OUT-SIGNAL, beingan integral of the frequency of the OUT-SIGNAL is thus adjustedaccordingly. The loop filter 14 may include both high-pass and low-passelements, and may function to maintain frequency lock by maintaining anaverage voltage on VCTL while allowing small impulses onto VCTL that maybe integrated by VCO 24 to produce a phase shift on output signalOUT-SIGNAL. Thus, the phase of OUT-SIGNAL may be substantially alignedwith, or held at a fixed phase difference with, the phase of REF-SIGNAL.

Referring to FIG. 1B, shown is a block diagram of a DLL 30. The DLL 30is a closed-loop feedback control system that generates an output signalOUT-SIGNAL and maintains the phase of that signal in a fixedrelationship to the phase of a reference signal REF-SIGNAL. In DLL 30,OUT-SIGNAL may be a delayed version of an input IN-SIGNAL. The referencesignal can be a data signal or a periodic clock signal having a phaseand frequency. The DLL 30 includes a phase detector 12, a loop filter 14and a controllable signal source 36 placed in a negative feedbackconfiguration. Controllable signal source 36 is analogous tocontrollable signal source 16. Phase detector 12 receives REF-SIGNAL ona first input and OUT-SIGNAL on a second input. In some implementations,a divider (not shown) may be placed between OUT-SIGNAL and second inputto phase detector 12, such that the frequency of OUT-SIGNAL may be amultiple K/N times the frequency of REF-SIGNAL, as described in aprevious paragraph. However in such implementations REF-SIGNAL andIN-SIGNAL may need to have a fixed frequency relationship. In otherimplementations, REF-SIGNAL may be connected to IN-SIGNAL, and nofrequency multiplication is provided. In one embodiment, thecontrollable signal source 36 includes a phase controller 18 similar tothe phase controller 18 in PLL 10, and a signal generator 26 thatoutputs the OUT-SIGNAL. The signal generator 26 may include two powerterminals, the voltage or current between the two power supply terminalscontrolling a delay of the OUT-SIGNAL with respect to IN-SIGNAL. In DLL30, the signal generator 26 can be a voltage controlled delay line(VCDL). The VCDL 26 may be implemented in various ways. By way ofexample, the VCDL 26 may include a plurality of delay elements connectedin series. In some implementations, the VCDL may have a first powersupply terminal 26 a and a second power supply terminal 26 b, a signalinput 26 c, and a separate delay control input. In the embodiment shownin FIG. 1B, the first power supply terminal 26 a also serves as thedelay control input and is coupled to receive a signal VDELAY from thephase controller 18, which is coupled to a positive common supply VDD,and the second power supply terminal 26 b is connected to a negativecommon supply GND. These connections are illustrative only; for example,the common power supply terminal might be the most positive voltagepresented by the power supply.

Still referring to FIG. 1B, the controllable signal source 36 generatesthe output signal OUT-SIGNAL which is controlled to have the same phaseas the reference signal REF-SIGNAL. DLL 30 operates such that if thereis a difference in phase between output signal OUT-SIGNAL and thereference signal REF-SIGNAL, the phase detector 12 detects thisdifference and introduces via the loop filter 14 a change in a controlsignal VCTL that is proportional to the difference in phase. Phasecontroller 18 responds to the changes in the control signal VCTL andproduces proportional changes in the VDELAY signal, which is sent to thecontrol input 26 a of VCDL 26 to adjust the delay of VCDL 26. The loopfilter 14 may include low-pass elements, which filter the output ofphase detector 12 to produce VCTL by removing high-frequency variations.Proportional changes on control signal VCTL cause VCDL 26 to introducedelay shifts on output signal OUT-SIGNAL with respect to IN-SIGNAL so asto maintain a fixed phase relationship between OUT-SIGNAL andREF-SIGNAL. Thus, by varying the voltage on VDELAY, which controls thedelay through VCDL 26, the phase between OUT-SIGNAL and IN-SIGNAL may bevaried.

In the embodiments shown in FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B, noise on the powersupply VDD, that is, variation in the voltage between VDD and GND maycause VADJUST or VDELAY to vary, thus causing undesirable variations inthe phase of OUT-SIGNAL, or jitter in OUT-SIGNAL. Therefore, in eitherPLL 10 or DLL 30, the phase controller 18 is designed to reject powersupply noise, preventing changes in voltage on the VDD power supply fromeffecting changes in VADJUST in PLL 10 or in VDELAY in DLL 30.

FIG. 2 illustrates PLL 10 according to an embodiment of the presentapplication, in which the phase controller 18 is shown to include afirst regulator 20 to provide power supply noise rejection and a secondregulator 22 to provide frequency control of VCO 24. The first regulator20 is coupled between a power supply VDD and the second regulator 22.The first regulator 20 has a first terminal 20 a connected to the powersupply VDD, a second terminal 20 b to receive the control voltage VCTL,and a regulated power supply terminal 20 c to provide a regulated powersupply VFILT for the second regulator 22. As discussed in the following,the first regulator 20 may be configured as a series element, a shuntelement, or a combination of series/shunt elements, and is part of afirst control loop to provide power supply noise rejection by filteringpower supply noise away from the VCO 24, so as to reduce errors such asphase jitter. Note that the naming of first and second regulators iscompletely arbitrary and has no connection with any order of operationor importance. In other words, regulator 22 may be called firstregulator and regulator 20 may be called second regulator.

Still referring to FIG. 2, the second regulator 22 is coupled to thefirst regulator 20 and the VCO 24 and has an input terminal 22 a forreceiving the control voltage VCTL. As discussed in the following, thesecond regulator 22 may use series control elements, shunt controlelements, or a combination of series/shunt elements, and may be part ofa second control loop or a PLL control loop for providing phase andfrequency control of the VCO 24. For example, the second regulator 22generates a frequency adjust control signal VADJUST, which is based onthe control voltage input VCTL, to the input of the VCO 24 to adjust thefrequency and thus the phase of the output signal OUT-SIGNAL so that ithas a substantially fixed phase relationship with the reference signalREF-SIGNAL. Thus, the phase controller 18 provides separate regulatorsfor frequency control and for power supply noise rejection, which allowsfor separate design and optimization of these functions.

Referring to FIG. 3, shown is a circuit diagram of the controllablesignal source 16, which includes the phase controller 18 of FIG. 2according to one embodiment. As shown in FIG. 3, the first regulator 20comprises a first transistor 52 and a differential amplifier 28. Thefirst transistor 52 is arranged in a series configuration with itssource terminal coupled to the power supply VDD and its drain terminalcoupled to the regulated power supply terminal 20 c, which provides theregulated power supply VFILT. Alternatively, the first transistor 52 canbe arranged in a shunt configuration in combination with other circuitelements, or be replaced by a combination of series and shunt elements.A filter capacitor 54 is coupled across the regulated terminal VFILT andthe ground terminal GND. The gate of the first transistor 52 is drivenby VCOARSE, which is the output of the differential amplifier 28. Theamplifier 28 has an inverting (negative) input terminal coupled to atarget control voltage VCTL-TARGET and a non-inverting (positive) inputterminal coupled to control voltage VCTL. The first regulator 20 has alow pass transfer function determined mainly by the drain terminalimpedance of the first transistor 52 and the capacitance of the filtercapacitor 54. In an embodiment, the value of the filter capacitor 54 isabout 100 pF and the drain terminal impedance of the first transistor isabout 1000 ohms to provide a frequency cutoff of about 2 MHz. The lowpass filter function provides power supply noise rejection by filteringout noise including variations in the power supply away from the VCO 24and to the ground terminal GND. The first regulator 20 provides aregulated power supply VFILT at the regulated power supply terminal 20c, which is isolated from other circuits. In an embodiment in which thebandwidth of regulator 20 is about 2 MHz, the bandwidth of the PLL isabout 100 MHz, so that the bandwidth of regulator 20 is nearly twoorders of magnitude below that of the PLL. The bandwidth or operationspeed of the regulator 20 relates to how quickly the regulator 20 reactsto a change in the power supply. The bandwidth or operation speed of thePLL 10 relates to how quickly the PLL locks the OUT-SIGNAL onto theREF-SIGNAL and reacts to any changes in the OUT-SIGNAL. Any residualpower supply noise that passes from VDD to VFILT at frequencies belowthe bandwidth of regulator 20 should therefore be effectively removed bythe PLL control loop.

Still referring to FIG. 3, the phase controller 18 and the othercomponents of the PLL 30 discussed above may be integrated within amonolithic semiconductor chip, which typically includes othercomponents. For example, in many semiconductor chips, the output signalOUT-SIGNAL from the controllable signal source 16 is used eitherdirectly or after further processing as a clock signal for controllingother components of the chip. In one arrangement, the reference signalREF-SIGNAL is a serial data signal from another circuit within the chipor external to the chip, and the output signal is used as a clock signalfor controlling a sampling device and deserializer for recoveringinformation from the serial data signal. The sampling device anddeserializer are integrated within the chip along with other circuitswhich utilize the recovered data. Merely by way of example, such anarrangement can be used in memory chips, where the other circuitsinclude the memory cells as well as circuits for writing data into andreading data out of the memory cells. The other circuits tend tointroduce noise into the power supply voltage VDD. However, the powersupply noise rejection capability afforded by the first regulator 20effectively reduces the influence of the noise on the operation of thePLL.

In an embodiment, the first transistor 52 can be a p-type metal oxidesemiconductor (PMOS) transistor but any controllable or variableimpedance in place of or in addition to the transistor 52 can be used.In an embodiment implemented in a 90 nanometer complementary metal oxidesemiconductor (CMOS) fabrication process, the size of the firsttransistor 52 can be about 10-20 microns wide and 100 nanometers long.The first regulator 20 is a part of the first control loop that controlsthe operating point of the transistor 52 and forces (drives) the controlvoltage VCTL toward the target value VCTL-TARGET. In an embodiment, thebandwidth of this control loop can be made relatively low such as 2 MHz.Since the first regulator 20 does not directly affect the loop dynamicsof the PLL, the filter capacitor 54 can be relatively large, independentof the bandwidth of the PLL. In an embodiment, the gate capacitance ofthe transistor 52 can be relatively small so that the amplifier 28 fordriving the first transistor 52 can be low bandwidth and low power. Inan embodiment in which the bandwidth of regulator 20 is about 2 MHz, thebandwidth of amplifier 28 may be 20 MHz and amplifier 28 may consume 100microwatts. Thus, the first regulator 20 can provide a relatively highpower supply rejection ratio (PSRR) without requiring a high performance(high bandwidth and high power) amplifier for driving the firsttransistor 52.

In an embodiment, the second regulator 22 comprises a second transistor58 coupled to the control input 24 a of the VCO 24 in a shuntconfiguration with its source terminal connected to the ground terminalGND and its drain terminal connected to the control input 24 a.Alternatively, the second transistor 58 can be arranged in a seriesconfiguration, or be replaced by plural transistors in a series/shuntcombination. A resistor 56 is coupled in series between the controlinput 24 a of the VCO 24 and the drain terminal of the first transistor52. The gate terminal of the second transistor 58 is configured toreceive the control signal VCTL. In an embodiment, the second transistor58 can be an n-type MOS (NMOS) transistor but any controllable orvariable impedance device can be used. The physical size of the secondtransistor 58 can be relatively small so that its gate and draincapacitances have negligible effects on the PLL control loop dynamics.In an embodiment in a 90 nanometer CMOS fabrication process, the size ofthe second transistor 58 can be about 2 microns wide by 0.5 micronslong.

The physical sizes of the series resistor 56, first transistor 52,filter capacitor 54, and second transistor 58 are parameters that can bevaried to achieve a desired optimum solution. For example, the size ofthe series resistor 56 can be increased while the size of the secondtransistor 58 can be decreased to provide a larger range in the phaseadjust signal VADJUST. The size of the first transistor 52 need only belarge enough to regulate the voltage at the regulated power supplyterminal VFILT over a range of power supply VDD variations processed bythe first regulator 20. Accordingly, the gain of the regulated signalsource 16, from VCTL voltage input to OUT-SIGNAL phase output, can bemade relatively small, which can help guarantee PLL loop stability whileusing only relatively small capacitors in loop filter 14, thus allowinga more compact implementation of loop filter 14 on-chip.

The PLL shown in FIG. 2 can be used to illustrate the operation of thefirst regulator 20 and second regulator 22 shown in FIGS. 2 and 3.Assuming that power supply noise occurs due to, for example, a variationin the power supply voltage VDD such as a decrease in the voltage fromthe power supply between VDD and GND, in response to such a decrease,both the regulated voltage VFILT and the phase adjust signal VADJUSTdecrease, which causes the VCO 24 to slow down and increase the phase ofthe output signal OUT-SIGNAL compared to the reference signalREF-SIGNAL. The increase in phase of the output signal OUT-SIGNAL causesthe phase detector 14 (FIG. 2) to decrease the control signal VCTL. Thedecrease in the control signal VCTL decreases the current throughtransistor 58 and thereby increases the voltage VADJUST which, in turncauses an increase in the speed of the VCO 24 and a correspondingdecrease in the phase of OUT-SIGNAL. At the same time, the firstregulator 20 reacts to the decrease in control signal VCTL by decreasingVCOARSE which, in turn causes more current to flow through transistor52, increasing the voltage on VFILT, and eventually allowing VCTL toreturn toward its original value. Since first regulator 20 operates at amuch lower speed than second regulator 22, it tends to hold the voltageon VCTL at the voltage of VCTL-TARGET, averaged over a time that is longcompared to the operation of regulator 22, and long compared to theoperation speed of the PLL 10. Thus, the second regulator 22 acts withina first time period to hold the phase of output signal OUT-SIGNALsubstantially equal to the phase of REF-SIGNAL, while regulator 20 actsover a second time period much longer than the first time period to holdVCTL substantially equal to VCTL-TARGET. Thus, the first regulator 20provides power supply noise rejection while the second regulator 22provides phase and frequency lock.

To further illustrate the operation of the first regulator 20 and thesecond regulator 22, it will be assumed that the phase of the outputsignal OUT-SIGNAL from the VCO 24 is advancing ahead (leading) that ofthe phase of the reference signal REF-SIGNAL. The phase detector 12detects this phase difference and increases the control signal VCTL,which causes the second transistor 58 to conduct more current therebyincreasing the current through the second transistor (i.e., shuntingcurrent away from the oscillator). This reduces the phase adjust signalVADJUST which slows the VCO 24 and thus brings the output signalOUT-SIGNAL back into phase with the reference signal REF-SIGNAL. Inaddition, the amplifier 28 compares the control voltage VCTL to thetarget control voltage VCTL-TARGET and increases output signal VCOARSEwhich causes the first transistor 52 to conduct less current therebyreducing the filter voltage VFILT. This decrease in filter voltage VFILTalso causes the phase adjust signal VADJUST to decrease thereby slowingdown the VCO 24 to make the phase of the output signal OUT-SIGNAL morenearly aligned with that of the reference signal REF-SIGNAL. As thephase of the output signal OUT-SIGNAL becomes more nearly aligned withthe phase of the reference signal REF-SIGNAL, the control voltage VCTLdecreases thereby driving the voltage VCTL toward the target controlvoltage VCTL-TARGET. Because of the low bandwidth of the first regulator20, the second regulator 22 typically provides the predominantcorrection for short term variations in the phase between the outputsignal OUT-SIGNAL and the reference signal REF-SIGNAL.

In another embodiment, as shown in FIG. 3A, the first regulator 20 andassociated control loop can be controlled via software using ameasure-and-set technique. For example, a comparator 310 is provided tocompare control voltage VCTL with target voltage VCTL-TARGET, generatinga high output (“1”) if the voltage on VCTL is larger than the voltage onVCTL-TARGET and a low output (“0”) otherwise. A controller 320 such as aprocessor or micro-controller is configured with software instructionsto read the output of this comparator and drive a digital code into adigital-to-analog (DAC) converter 330 that generates voltage VCOARSE tocontrol the conduction of the transistor 52 and thereby the impedance ofa path between the power supply VDD and the VFILT regulated supplyvoltage. The change in impedance causes a change in filter voltage VFILTwhich causes a change in the control voltage VADJUST that adjusts thespeed of the VCO 24 and thereby the phase of the output signalOUT-SIGNAL.

For instance, if the control voltage VCTL is larger than the targetvoltage VCTL-TARGET, then the comparator outputs a high value (“1”), andthe controller inputs a code to the digital-to-analog converter thatgenerates a higher value for voltage VCOARSE which reduces the currentin first transistor 52 thereby increasing the impedance of the pathbetween VDD and VFILT. This increase in impedance causes the filteredvoltage VFILT to decrease which also causes the adjustment signalVADJUST to decrease thereby decreasing the speed of the VCO 24.Conversely, if the control voltage VCTL is less than the target voltageVCTL-TARGET, then the comparator 310 generates a low value (“0”) and thecontroller 320 inputs a digital code to the digital-to-analog converterthat reduces voltage VCOARSE which increases the current in the firsttransistor 52, causing the voltage on both VFILT and VADJUST toincrease, and thereby increases the speed of VCO 24. The controller 320can be integrated on the same chip as the phase controller 18 or on aseparate chip. In some embodiments controller 320 may be a dedicatedhardware controller instead of a processor with control software.

Referring to FIG. 4, shown is a circuit diagram of the controllablesignal source 16 according to another embodiment of the application. Inthe embodiment of FIG. 4, the second regulator 22 includes a transistor156 arranged in a series configuration compared to a shunt configurationin FIG. 3. In addition, series resistor 56 is not necessary as in thesecond regulator 22 of FIG. 3. In this embodiment, the transistor 156can be, for example, a PMOS transistor. The operation of the phasecontroller 18 in FIG. 4 is similar to that in FIG. 3 and is not repeatedhere.

Referring to FIG. 5, shown is a circuit diagram of the controllablesignal source 16 according to yet another embodiment of the application.In this embodiment, the second regulator 22 includes a pair oftransistors 256, 258 arranged in a hybrid shunt/series configuration.For example, the first transistor 256 is coupled in series between thefiltered supply voltage VFILT and the VADJUST input to the VCO 24. Thesecond transistor 258 is coupled in a shunt configuration across VCO 24.The gate terminals of the transistors 256, 258 are coupled to each otherand to the control voltage VCTL. In this embodiment, for example, thefirst transistor 256 can be a PMOS transistor and the second transistor258 can be an NMOS transistor. The operation of the phase controller 18in FIG. 5 is similar to the operation of the phase controller 18 of FIG.3 and is not repeated here.

FIG. 6 shows a block diagram of the delay-locked loop (DLL) 30 inaccordance with a further embodiment. The phase controller 18 in the DLL30 may be, for example, the same or similarly configured as the phasecontrollers discussed above with reference to FIGS. 2-5. However, thesignal supplied by the second regulator 22 is applied to the VCDL 26rather than to the VCO 24, and accordingly is labeled “VDELAY”.

The VCDL 26 generates output signal OUT-SIGNAL which is a delayedversion of the reference signal IN-SIGNAL. By varying the amount ofdelay applied, VCDL 26 can vary the phase of output signal OUT-SIGNALwith respect to IN-SIGNAL. Merely by way of example, arrangements usingdelay elements can be used where an externally-generated signal isavailable. For example, in a chip which receives numerous differentexternally-generated data signals, a single DLL may be used to generatea clock signal which is supplied as the input signal IN-SIGNAL toseveral DLL circuits of the type shown in FIG. 6, each of which uses adifferent one of the data signals as a reference signal REF-SIGNAL. Inother embodiments, IN-SIGNAL may be replaced with a connection toREF-SIGNAL, so that REF-SIGNAL is applied both to the phase detector 12and to the signal input of VCDL 26.

The operation of the phase controller 18 is similar to that of the phasecontroller of FIG. 3 and is not repeated.

In the embodiments of FIGS. 2-6, the first regulator 20 compares theloop control voltage VCTL with a target voltage VCTL-TARGET. VCTL-TARGETis chosen in such a way as to optimize the performance of secondregulator 22, for example, by forcing regulator 22 to operate in itshigh-gain region of operation. VCTL-TARGET may be generated in variousways, for example by building a replica of regulator 22 that is forcedto operate at the desired operating point and extracting the resultingVCTL-TARGET voltage from the replica. Alternatively, and merely by wayof illustrative example, VCTL-TARGET may be generated by an on-chip oroff-chip reference source or in a digitally controlled signal source.

In the embodiments of FIGS. 2-6, the first regulator 20 compares theloop control voltage VCTL with a target voltage VCTL-TARGET to determinethe control signal VCOARSE applied to the transistor 52 of the firstregulator.

In a further embodiment, shown in FIG. 7, the regulated power supplyvoltage VFILT supplied by the first regulator 20 is fed back to oneinput terminal of a differential amplifier 128 and a target voltageVCTL-FILT is applied to the opposite input terminal of the differentialamplifier. The output of the differential amplifier 128, representingdeviation of the regulated power supply voltage VFILT from the targetVCTL-FILT, is coupled to the gate of the transistor 52 of the firstregulator 20. The control signal VCTL representing phase difference isnot fed back to the first regulator 20. In other respects, the phasecontroller 18 in FIG. 7 and other aspects of the circuit shown in FIG. 7may be identical or similar to those discussed above. In the embodimentshown in FIG. 7, however, the first regulator 20 does not vary VFILT tocompensate for changes in the phase difference; the second regulator 22is responsive to the phase difference. Still, the first regulator 20rejects power supply noise.

The particular embodiments shown above are merely illustrative. Forexample, the power supply connections of the phase controller and VCO ofFIG. 2 could be reversed, such that the common supply terminal is themore positive supply. Generally the implementations of first regulator20 and second regulator 22 in FIGS. 2-7 could be modified by replacingNMOS transistors with PMOS transistors, and vice-versa. The embodimentsof FIGS. 2-7 could also be implemented in alternative technologies, forexample replacing metal-oxide field-effect transistors with bipolartransistors of suitable polarity.

Although the application herein has been described with reference toparticular embodiments, it is to be understood that these embodimentsare merely illustrative of the principles and applications of thepresent application. It is therefore to be understood that numerousmodifications may be made to the illustrative embodiments and that otherarrangements may be devised without departing from the spirit and scopeof the present invention as defined by the appended claims.

1. A circuit, comprising: a signal generator to generate an outputsignal having a signal parameter that is dependent on at least one of avoltage across the signal generator and a current through the signalgenerator; a shunt element coupled across the signal generator, theshunt element being controlled by a control signal that is dependent onthe signal parameter of the output signal; and a series element coupledbetween the signal generator and a regulated power supply, the regulatedpower supply providing a regulated voltage that changes in response tothe control signal.
 2. The circuit of claim 1, wherein the serieselement is a resistor.
 3. The circuit of claim 1, wherein the serieselement is a transistor.
 4. The circuit of claim 3, wherein thetransistor is controlled by the control signal.
 5. The circuit of claim1, wherein the signal parameter is selected from the group consisting offrequency, phase with respect to an input signal and delay with respectto an input signal.
 6. The circuit of claim 1, further comprising aphase detector to generate the control signal based on a phasedifference between a reference signal and the output signal.
 7. Thecircuit of claim 6, further comprising a loop filter coupled between thephase detector and the second regulator to modify spectralcharacteristics of the second control signal to assure closed-loopstability in the phase control circuit.
 8. The circuit of claim 1,further comprising a regulator circuit to provide the regulated powersupply, the regulator circuit is configured to filter out noise causedby variations in a power supply voltage away from the signal generator.9. The circuit of claim 8, wherein the regulator circuit includes atransistor and a differential amplifier, the differential amplifierhaving an output dependent on at least one of the control signal and theregulated power supply, the transistor being controlled by the outputfrom the differential amplifier.
 10. The circuit of claim 9, wherein theregulator circuit further includes a filter capacitor coupled betweenthe regulated power supply and ground.
 11. The circuit of claim 8,wherein the regulator circuit is configured to change an impedance of acircuit path between a power supply terminal and the regulated powersupply in response to a change in the power supply voltage.
 12. Thecircuit of claim 11, wherein the regulator circuit controls theimpedance based on a comparison of the control signal with a targetsignal.
 13. The circuit of claim 12, wherein the regulator circuit isconfigured to hold an average of the control signal close to a targetvalue.
 14. An information-bearing medium having computer-readableinformation thereon, the computer-readable information being configuredto actuate a circuit-forming apparatus to form an integrated circuitincluding a circuit of claim
 1. 15. A method of controlling a phase ofan output signal from a signal generator, comprising: providing acontrol signal to a first regulator and to a second regulator, thecontrol signal being dependent on the output signal; providing aregulated voltage using the first regulator receiving the controlsignal; generating an adjust signal using the second regulator receivingthe control signal, the second regulator being coupled to the regulatedvoltage; and adjusting the phase of the output signal based on theadjust signal.
 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising receivinga target signal at the first regulator; wherein the regulated voltage isprovided based on a comparison between the control signal and the targetsignal.
 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising: in response to avoltage of the control signal being larger than a voltage of the targetsignal, decreasing the regulated voltage, and in response to a voltageof the control signal being smaller than a voltage of the target signal,increasing the regulated voltage.
 18. The method of claim 16, furthercomprising: in response to the phase of the output signal becoming morealigned with a phase of a reference signal, driving a voltage of thecontrol signal toward a voltage of the target signal.
 19. The method ofclaim 15, further comprising: controlling a current through the signalgenerator by shunting an amount of current away from the signalgenerator, the amount of current being dependent on the control signal.20. The method of claim 15, further comprising: controlling a currentthrough the signal generator by controlling a series impedance in thesecond regulator using the control signal.
 21. A circuit, comprising: asignal generator to generate an output signal having a signal parameterthat is dependent on an adjust voltage; a first regulator to generate aregulated supply voltage, the first regulator including a comparatorreceiving a feedback of the regulated supply voltage; and a secondregulator receiving the regulated supply voltage and generating theadjust voltage responsive to a control voltage that is dependent on aphase difference between the output signal and a reference signal. 22.The circuit of claim 21, wherein the signal parameter is selected fromthe group consisting of frequency, phase with respect to an input signaland delay with respect to an input signal.
 23. The circuit of claim 21,wherein the first regulator includes a transistor controlled by anoutput of the comparator.
 24. The circuit of claim 21 furthercomprising: a filter capacitor coupled between the regulated powersupply voltage and ground.
 25. The circuit of claim 21, wherein thecomparator receives a target voltage.
 26. The circuit of claim 21,wherein the second regulator includes a transistor having its gateterminal receiving the control voltage and one of its source and drainterminals receiving the regulated supply voltage.